Joseph Breda, Student Researcher, and Jake Sunshine, Research Scientist, Google Research We present a first-of-its-kind research of AI for differential diagnosis and symptom checking through a national-scale study. Quick links Paper Share Copy link × A large proportion of clinical diagnoses can be derived from language-based interviews alone. These diagnostic interviews are typically conducted by clinicians through doctor-patient interactions during in-person or remote visits. While these interactions are the gold standard for symptom assessment, they can often suffer from financial , geographic , and systemic barriers that limit their accessibility. Current language models (LMs) have demonstrated strong differential diagnosis assessment capabilities when evaluated on curated medical case-studies, highlighting their potential to support the diagnostic process. However, existing evaluations have largely relied on curated, highly detailed and sometimes synthetic patient vignettes, which may not reflect real world experience and clinical presentation variability. …